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APUSH-31
Kennedy's New Frontier; Johnson's Great Society
Resources:
The Vietnam War
Relevant pages:
Cultural Revolutions
Relevant pages:
Colonial City: Revolutionary Battleground
Relevant interactive tools:
The Politics of Anticommunism
Relevant pages:
The Stable Fifties
Relevant pages:
The Subversive Fifties
Relevant pages:
Relevant transcripts:
Kennedy, Johnson, and the Great Society
Relevant pages:
Relevant texts:
Relevant transcripts:
The Civil-Rights Movement
Relevant pages:
Relevant texts:
Relevant transcripts:
Relevant interactive tools: Resource Type: Primary Source President and Mrs. Kennedy entertain guests at the White House. Left to right: Frederic March, actor; Mary Walsh (Mrs. Ernest) Hemingway; President and Mrs. Kennedy; and Katherine (Mrs. George C.) Marshall. The first couple hosted many leading cultural figures. John F. Kennedy: A New Generation Resource Type: Primary Source President Kennedy's Inaugural Address (1961). John F. Kennedy: Charm and Grace Resource Type: Primary Source Pablo Casals, cellist, performs for the Kennedys at the White House (1961). Lyndon B. Johnson Resource Type: Primary Source John F. Kennedy as a young man, Palm Beach, Florida. Lyndon B. Johnson: Kennedy and Johnson's Legacy Resource Type: Primary Source President Johnson, in a characteristic pose, with his Supreme Court nominee, Abe Fortas (1965). Lyndon B. Johnson Resource Type: Primary Source Lyndon Johnson as a child, with his sister Josefa Johnson. The Great Society: A Social Crusade Resource Type: Primary Source The Great Society: A Social Crusade Resource Type: Primary Source President Johnson's Inaugural Address (1965). America Since 1945—E-Seminar 5, Kennedy, Johnson, and the Great Society Resource Type: E-Seminar In Kennedy, Johnson, and the Great Society, the fifth e-seminar in the series America Since 1945, the eminent historian Alan Brinkley focuses on the administrations of Presidents John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. Professor Brinkley compares and contrasts these two great figures of the 1960s and analyzes the social programs, such as the Great Society and the war on poverty, that became landmarks of the period. President Johnson's Commencement Address Resource Type: Primary Source President Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908–73) made this landmark speech in 1965 to students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., a historically black institution, to delineate the tenets of his Great Society program. The Civil-Rights Movement Resource Type: Document-Based Question The civil-rights movement shifted from nonviolent civil disobedience to "black power." The rich selection of primary sources will help students explore the philosophies of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, the differences between the African American experience in the North and in the South, the role of government and political institutions, as well as global movements against imperialism. Brown v. Board of Education: The Results of Segregation Resource Type: Primary Source This landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1954 declared the segregation of black and white children in American public schools to be unconstitutional. From Protest to Politics Resource Type: Primary Source Bayard Rustin (1910–87), one of Martin Luther King's closest advisors, was a key organizer of the 1963 March on Washington. To Fulfill These Rights Resource Type: Primary Source President Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908–73) made this landmark speech to students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., a historically black institution, to outline the Great Society program. Power and Racism Resource Type: Primary Source Stokely Carmichael (1941–88), born in Trinidad, invented the rallying cry of "Black Power" in Mississippi, in 1966, as a leader of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). He left America in 1969 for Africa, where he helped found the All-African People's Revolutionary Party. Bobby Seale and Huey Newton Resource Type: Primary Source Bobby Seale (1936– ) and Huey Newton (1942–89), cofounders of the Marxist Black Panther Party in Oakland, California, in 1966, advocated self-determination and self-rule for black Americans in contrast to the nonviolent, integrationist strategy of Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–68) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Black Panther Party Platform Resource Type: Primary Source Bobby Seale (1936– ) and Huey Newton (1942–89), cofounders of the Marxist Black Panther Party in Oakland, California, in 1966, advocated self-determination and self-rule for black Americans in contrast to the nonviolent, integrationist strategy of Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–68) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Beyond Vietnam Resource Type: Primary Source This speech was delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1967, at a meeting of Clergy and Laity Concerned at Riverside Church in New York City. The Affluent Soceiety: Public vs. Private Sectors Resource Type: Primary Source John Kenneth Galbraith, a prominent Harvard economist, outlined in this article the necessary balance that should exist between the private and public sectors of the American economy. Woolworth Counter Strike Resource Type: Primary Source In 1960, students at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, a historically black institution, defied segregation by sitting at the luncheon counter of the F.W. Woolworth store in Greensboro. The Other America Resource Type: Primary Source With this book, writer and social activist Michael Harrington helped launch the New Left movement of the 1960s and its concerns about American poverty and social injustice. The Feminine Mystique Resource Type: Primary Source Founder of the National Organization for Women (NOW), Betty Friedan wrote this influential treatise critiquing the loneliness and dissatisfaction felt by many suburban housewives in postwar America. The War on Poverty Resource Type: Point-Counterpoint The Civil-Rights Movement Resource Type: Document-Based Question The civil-rights movement shifted from nonviolent civil disobedience to "black power." The rich selection of primary sources will help students explore the philosophies of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, the differences between the African American experience in the North and in the South, the role of government and political institutions, as well as global movements against imperialism. Beyond Vietnam Resource Type: Primary Source This speech was delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1967, at a meeting of Clergy and Laity Concerned at Riverside Church in New York City. The Affluent Soceiety: Public vs. Private Sectors Resource Type: Primary Source John Kenneth Galbraith, a prominent Harvard economist, outlined in this article the necessary balance that should exist between the private and public sectors of the American economy. The Other America Resource Type: Primary Source With this book, writer and social activist Michael Harrington helped launch the New Left movement of the 1960s and its concerns about American poverty and social injustice. Sixties Radicalism and Conservatism Resource Type: Document-Based Question Dissent and social protest characterize the 1960s. Enduring images of the decade recall its civil-rights marches, antiwar protests, and rallies of members of various social grouips—women, farmworkers, American Indians—calling for greater justice. The documents within the DBQ represent a variety of voices, illustrating the tensions between countercultural movements of the 1960s and conservative reactions against them. This DBQ contextualizes the debates of the 1960s within a longer-term analysis of the divisions between left and right in the United States since the beginning of the Cold War. Poverty Resource Type: Primary Source Cover of a 1963 paperback edition of The Other America: Poverty in the United States by Michael Harrington. This book was first published in 1962. Poverty Resource Type: Primary Source Michael Harrington, author. Poverty: Structural Poverty Resource Type: Primary Source Boy amid demolished slums, New York City (1961). Poverty: Structural Poverty Resource Type: Primary Source Man looks out over slums in Detroit. Poverty: Structural Poverty Resource Type: Primary Source Slums, Omaha, Nebraska. Poverty: Structural Poverty Resource Type: Primary Source Slums in Appalachia. Poverty: Structural Poverty Resource Type: Primary Source Girl in a slum area of Washington, D.C. Poverty: Why the Attention? Resource Type: Primary Source Teenage mother attends class with her baby (1971). America Since 1945—E-Seminar 4, The Subversive Fifties Resource Type: E-Seminar In The Subversive Fifties, the fourth e-seminar in the series America Since 1945, the eminent historian Alan Brinkley discusses a variety of early counterculture movements—literary, social, and environmental—whose origins date back to the 1950s and early 1960s. He also covers the roots of the civil-rights movement, discussing the Montgomery bus boycott, in which Martin Luther King Jr. first gained national attention. The Great Society Resource Type: Primary Source President Johnson visits a resident of Appalachia during his poverty tour (1964). The Great Society Resource Type: Primary Source Head Start class in the Bronx, New York City (1969). The Great Society: The War on Poverty Resource Type: Primary Source Poster for the Job Corps program of the Office of Economic Opportunity (c. 1970). Conclusion Resource Type: Primary Source Street in the Bronx, New York City (1990). America Since 1945—E-Seminar 5, Kennedy, Johnson, and the Great Society Resource Type: E-Seminar In Kennedy, Johnson, and the Great Society, the fifth e-seminar in the series America Since 1945, the eminent historian Alan Brinkley focuses on the administrations of Presidents John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. Professor Brinkley compares and contrasts these two great figures of the 1960s and analyzes the social programs, such as the Great Society and the war on poverty, that became landmarks of the period. President Johnson's Commencement Address Resource Type: Primary Source President Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908–73) made this landmark speech in 1965 to students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., a historically black institution, to delineate the tenets of his Great Society program. The Civil-Rights Movement Resource Type: Document-Based Question The civil-rights movement shifted from nonviolent civil disobedience to "black power." The rich selection of primary sources will help students explore the philosophies of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, the differences between the African American experience in the North and in the South, the role of government and political institutions, as well as global movements against imperialism. To Fulfill These Rights Resource Type: Primary Source President Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908–73) made this landmark speech to students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., a historically black institution, to outline the Great Society program. Beyond Vietnam Resource Type: Primary Source This speech was delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1967, at a meeting of Clergy and Laity Concerned at Riverside Church in New York City. The Counterculture Resource Type: Document-Based Question Although the decade of the 1950s deserves its reputation as an age of political, social, and cultural conformity, seeds of social discontent nevertheless permeated American society. This carefully crafted DBQ focuses on the intellectual and artisitic critics of the affluent society, as well as the origins of the women's and civil-rights movements. The Affluent Soceiety: Public vs. Private Sectors Resource Type: Primary Source John Kenneth Galbraith, a prominent Harvard economist, outlined in this article the necessary balance that should exist between the private and public sectors of the American economy. The Other America Resource Type: Primary Source With this book, writer and social activist Michael Harrington helped launch the New Left movement of the 1960s and its concerns about American poverty and social injustice. Democracy: Limitations and Possibilities Resource Type: Document-Based Question During the 1960s, a series of widely disparate protest movements emerged in the United States. While the antiwar movement directed against U.S. intervention in the Vietnam War appeared to be the most salient, many others as well expressed discontent with American government and society. In this question, students are asked to look at a variety of groups—including women, African Americans, and ethnic minorities—many of whose members felt marginalized or underrepresented, became politically active, and helped to establish social movements dedicated to the advancement of their communities. Students can use these documents to determine the degree to which different groups sought to redefine American democracy and make it more inclusive. President Johnson's Commencement Address Resource Type: Primary Source President Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908–73) made this landmark speech in 1965 to students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., a historically black institution, to delineate the tenets of his Great Society program. The Civil-Rights Movement Resource Type: Document-Based Question The civil-rights movement shifted from nonviolent civil disobedience to "black power." The rich selection of primary sources will help students explore the philosophies of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, the differences between the African American experience in the North and in the South, the role of government and political institutions, as well as global movements against imperialism. To Fulfill These Rights Resource Type: Primary Source President Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908–73) made this landmark speech to students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., a historically black institution, to outline the Great Society program. The War on Poverty Resource Type: Point-Counterpoint Interpretations of the Red Scare: Institutional Stakes Resource Type: Primary Source Edgar Hoover, longtime director of the FBI and a passionate anticommunist (c. 1953). Introduction Resource Type: Primary Source The March on Washington (August 28, 1963). Participants included, front row, left to right: Whitney M. Young Jr., executive director of the National Urban League; Roy Wilkins, executive secretary of the NAACP; and A. Philip Randolph, president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Greensboro Resource Type: Primary Source Sit-in at a Woolworth store's lunch counter, Greensboro, North Carolina (February 1960). Southern Whites Resource Type: Primary Source Police officers used attack dogs against civil-rights demonstrators in Birmingham (May 3, 1963). Southern Whites Resource Type: Primary Source "Bull" Connor, Birmingham sheriff (1963). Southern Whites Resource Type: Primary Source Interior of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church after it was bombed, Birmingham (September 1963). Selma Resource Type: Primary Source Police swing clubs to break up voting-rights demonstration in Selma, Alabama (March 7, 1965). Special Message to the Congress: The American Promise Resource Type: Primary Source Text of President Johnson's speech introducing the voting-rights bill to a Joint Session of Congress (March 15, 1965). Militancy: Black Power Resource Type: Primary Source Stokely Carmichael addresses a crowd (1966). Militancy: Black Power Resource Type: Primary Source Malcolm X visits Barnard College (1965). America Since 1945—E-Seminar 6, The Civil-Rights Movement Resource Type: E-Seminar In The Civil-Rights Movement, the sixth of ten e-seminars in the series America Since 1945, historian Alan Brinkley discusses one of the most important social movements in twentieth-century American history. He analyzes the events that propelled and shaped the civil-rights movement, the growing national awareness of racial inequalities in America, and the social policies that were created in response to those inequalities. Review of Invisible Man Resource Type: Primary Source New York intellectual Irving Howe affirms Ralph Ellison's book Invisible Man as a "Negro novel." President Johnson's Commencement Address Resource Type: Primary Source President Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908–73) made this landmark speech in 1965 to students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., a historically black institution, to delineate the tenets of his Great Society program. Modern Republicanism and the New Right Resource Type: Document-Based Question The development of a Republican majority is the focus of this DBQ, which explores the larger issues of modern republicanism in postwar America and the emergence of the new right. Electoral maps provide in-depth analyses of presidential elections since the 1960s. The Civil-Rights Movement Resource Type: Document-Based Question The civil-rights movement shifted from nonviolent civil disobedience to "black power." The rich selection of primary sources will help students explore the philosophies of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, the differences between the African American experience in the North and in the South, the role of government and political institutions, as well as global movements against imperialism. Brown v. Board of Education: The Results of Segregation Resource Type: Primary Source This landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1954 declared the segregation of black and white children in American public schools to be unconstitutional. From Protest to Politics Resource Type: Primary Source Bayard Rustin (1910–87), one of Martin Luther King's closest advisors, was a key organizer of the 1963 March on Washington. To Fulfill These Rights Resource Type: Primary Source President Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908–73) made this landmark speech to students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., a historically black institution, to outline the Great Society program. Power and Racism Resource Type: Primary Source Stokely Carmichael (1941–88), born in Trinidad, invented the rallying cry of "Black Power" in Mississippi, in 1966, as a leader of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). He left America in 1969 for Africa, where he helped found the All-African People's Revolutionary Party. Bobby Seale and Huey Newton Resource Type: Primary Source Bobby Seale (1936– ) and Huey Newton (1942–89), cofounders of the Marxist Black Panther Party in Oakland, California, in 1966, advocated self-determination and self-rule for black Americans in contrast to the nonviolent, integrationist strategy of Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–68) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Black Panther Party Platform Resource Type: Primary Source Bobby Seale (1936– ) and Huey Newton (1942–89), cofounders of the Marxist Black Panther Party in Oakland, California, in 1966, advocated self-determination and self-rule for black Americans in contrast to the nonviolent, integrationist strategy of Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–68) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Chocolate City Resource Type: Primary Source The militant black-power phase of the civil-rights movement had its musical corollary in the rise of funk, an urban, gritty genre most often associated in the late 1960s with James Brown (1928– ) and Sly and the Family Stone. The band Parliament burst onto the national scene in the mid-1970s. Beyond Vietnam Resource Type: Primary Source This speech was delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1967, at a meeting of Clergy and Laity Concerned at Riverside Church in New York City. The Counterculture Resource Type: Document-Based Question Although the decade of the 1950s deserves its reputation as an age of political, social, and cultural conformity, seeds of social discontent nevertheless permeated American society. This carefully crafted DBQ focuses on the intellectual and artisitic critics of the affluent society, as well as the origins of the women's and civil-rights movements. Woolworth Counter Strike Resource Type: Primary Source In 1960, students at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, a historically black institution, defied segregation by sitting at the luncheon counter of the F.W. Woolworth store in Greensboro. The Feminine Mystique Resource Type: Primary Source Founder of the National Organization for Women (NOW), Betty Friedan wrote this influential treatise critiquing the loneliness and dissatisfaction felt by many suburban housewives in postwar America. Civil-Rights Debate: Where Do We Go from Here? Resource Type: Classroom Simulation In this simulation students are asked to represent a variety of figures from American society in the 1960s. The goal is to understand the complex nature of race relations and power politics in the United States—especially how individuals and events at home and abroad influenced the civil-rights movement. Democracy: Limitations and Possibilities Resource Type: Document-Based Question During the 1960s, a series of widely disparate protest movements emerged in the United States. While the antiwar movement directed against U.S. intervention in the Vietnam War appeared to be the most salient, many others as well expressed discontent with American government and society. In this question, students are asked to look at a variety of groups—including women, African Americans, and ethnic minorities—many of whose members felt marginalized or underrepresented, became politically active, and helped to establish social movements dedicated to the advancement of their communities. Students can use these documents to determine the degree to which different groups sought to redefine American democracy and make it more inclusive. Sixties Radicalism and Conservatism Resource Type: Document-Based Question Dissent and social protest characterize the 1960s. Enduring images of the decade recall its civil-rights marches, antiwar protests, and rallies of members of various social grouips—women, farmworkers, American Indians—calling for greater justice. The documents within the DBQ represent a variety of voices, illustrating the tensions between countercultural movements of the 1960s and conservative reactions against them. This DBQ contextualizes the debates of the 1960s within a longer-term analysis of the divisions between left and right in the United States since the beginning of the Cold War. Selma: Malcolm X Appears Resource Type: Primary Source Malcolm X addresses civil-rights protesters in Selma (February 4, 1965). A National Problem Resource Type: Primary Source Mounted police disperse demonstrators during a conflict over racial integration of schools, Boston (1974). A National Problem Resource Type: Primary Source Burnt-out block in the South Bronx, New York City (1977). Militancy Resource Type: Primary Source Broadside distributed at Columbia University by the Black Panther Party (1970). Militancy: Black Power Resource Type: Primary Source Malcolm X visits Barnard College (1965). Militancy: The Black Panthers Resource Type: Primary Source Black Panther Party members at the California state capitol argue with a state policeman after he disarms them, Sacramento (May 2, 1967). America Since 1945—E-Seminar 6, The Civil-Rights Movement Resource Type: E-Seminar In The Civil-Rights Movement, the sixth of ten e-seminars in the series America Since 1945, historian Alan Brinkley discusses one of the most important social movements in twentieth-century American history. He analyzes the events that propelled and shaped the civil-rights movement, the growing national awareness of racial inequalities in America, and the social policies that were created in response to those inequalities. Review of Invisible Man Resource Type: Primary Source New York intellectual Irving Howe affirms Ralph Ellison's book Invisible Man as a "Negro novel." President Johnson's Commencement Address Resource Type: Primary Source President Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908–73) made this landmark speech in 1965 to students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., a historically black institution, to delineate the tenets of his Great Society program. The Civil-Rights Movement Resource Type: Document-Based Question The civil-rights movement shifted from nonviolent civil disobedience to "black power." The rich selection of primary sources will help students explore the philosophies of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, the differences between the African American experience in the North and in the South, the role of government and political institutions, as well as global movements against imperialism. Brown v. Board of Education: The Results of Segregation Resource Type: Primary Source This landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1954 declared the segregation of black and white children in American public schools to be unconstitutional. From Protest to Politics Resource Type: Primary Source Bayard Rustin (1910–87), one of Martin Luther King's closest advisors, was a key organizer of the 1963 March on Washington. To Fulfill These Rights Resource Type: Primary Source President Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908–73) made this landmark speech to students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., a historically black institution, to outline the Great Society program. Power and Racism Resource Type: Primary Source Stokely Carmichael (1941–88), born in Trinidad, invented the rallying cry of "Black Power" in Mississippi, in 1966, as a leader of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). He left America in 1969 for Africa, where he helped found the All-African People's Revolutionary Party. Bobby Seale and Huey Newton Resource Type: Primary Source Bobby Seale (1936– ) and Huey Newton (1942–89), cofounders of the Marxist Black Panther Party in Oakland, California, in 1966, advocated self-determination and self-rule for black Americans in contrast to the nonviolent, integrationist strategy of Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–68) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Black Panther Party Platform Resource Type: Primary Source Bobby Seale (1936– ) and Huey Newton (1942–89), cofounders of the Marxist Black Panther Party in Oakland, California, in 1966, advocated self-determination and self-rule for black Americans in contrast to the nonviolent, integrationist strategy of Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–68) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Chocolate City Resource Type: Primary Source The militant black-power phase of the civil-rights movement had its musical corollary in the rise of funk, an urban, gritty genre most often associated in the late 1960s with James Brown (1928– ) and Sly and the Family Stone. The band Parliament burst onto the national scene in the mid-1970s. Beyond Vietnam Resource Type: Primary Source This speech was delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1967, at a meeting of Clergy and Laity Concerned at Riverside Church in New York City. The Counterculture Resource Type: Document-Based Question Although the decade of the 1950s deserves its reputation as an age of political, social, and cultural conformity, seeds of social discontent nevertheless permeated American society. This carefully crafted DBQ focuses on the intellectual and artisitic critics of the affluent society, as well as the origins of the women's and civil-rights movements. Woolworth Counter Strike Resource Type: Primary Source In 1960, students at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, a historically black institution, defied segregation by sitting at the luncheon counter of the F.W. Woolworth store in Greensboro. Democracy: Limitations and Possibilities Resource Type: Document-Based Question During the 1960s, a series of widely disparate protest movements emerged in the United States. While the antiwar movement directed against U.S. intervention in the Vietnam War appeared to be the most salient, many others as well expressed discontent with American government and society. In this question, students are asked to look at a variety of groups—including women, African Americans, and ethnic minorities—many of whose members felt marginalized or underrepresented, became politically active, and helped to establish social movements dedicated to the advancement of their communities. Students can use these documents to determine the degree to which different groups sought to redefine American democracy and make it more inclusive. America Since 1945—E-Seminar 6, The Civil-Rights Movement Resource Type: E-Seminar In The Civil-Rights Movement, the sixth of ten e-seminars in the series America Since 1945, historian Alan Brinkley discusses one of the most important social movements in twentieth-century American history. He analyzes the events that propelled and shaped the civil-rights movement, the growing national awareness of racial inequalities in America, and the social policies that were created in response to those inequalities. The Civil-Rights Movement Resource Type: Document-Based Question The civil-rights movement shifted from nonviolent civil disobedience to "black power." The rich selection of primary sources will help students explore the philosophies of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, the differences between the African American experience in the North and in the South, the role of government and political institutions, as well as global movements against imperialism. From Protest to Politics Resource Type: Primary Source Bayard Rustin (1910–87), one of Martin Luther King's closest advisors, was a key organizer of the 1963 March on Washington. Beyond Vietnam Resource Type: Primary Source This speech was delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1967, at a meeting of Clergy and Laity Concerned at Riverside Church in New York City. Democracy: Limitations and Possibilities Resource Type: Document-Based Question During the 1960s, a series of widely disparate protest movements emerged in the United States. While the antiwar movement directed against U.S. intervention in the Vietnam War appeared to be the most salient, many others as well expressed discontent with American government and society. In this question, students are asked to look at a variety of groups—including women, African Americans, and ethnic minorities—many of whose members felt marginalized or underrepresented, became politically active, and helped to establish social movements dedicated to the advancement of their communities. Students can use these documents to determine the degree to which different groups sought to redefine American democracy and make it more inclusive. Sixties Radicalism and Conservatism Resource Type: Document-Based Question Dissent and social protest characterize the 1960s. Enduring images of the decade recall its civil-rights marches, antiwar protests, and rallies of members of various social grouips—women, farmworkers, American Indians—calling for greater justice. The documents within the DBQ represent a variety of voices, illustrating the tensions between countercultural movements of the 1960s and conservative reactions against them. This DBQ contextualizes the debates of the 1960s within a longer-term analysis of the divisions between left and right in the United States since the beginning of the Cold War. Feminism Resource Type: Primary Source Cover of a 1964 paperback edition of The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan. This book was first published in 1963. Feminism: Two Different Spheres Resource Type: Primary Source Alice Paul, feminist activist (1920). Feminism: Two Different Spheres Resource Type: Primary Source Eleanor Roosevelt shakes hands with a resident of a dormitory for black women war workers (1943). Feminism: Two Different Spheres Resource Type: Primary Source Women workers were a key force in the effort to win World War II. Feminism: Two Different Spheres Resource Type: Primary Source Woman works in her victory garden in Washington, D.C., during World War II. Feminism: Two Different Spheres Resource Type: Primary Source Women war worker with child, World War II. Feminism: Two Different Spheres Resource Type: Primary Source Cover of a 1961 edition of Baby and Child Care, by Dr. Benjamin Spock. This book was first published as The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care in 1946. Feminism: Two Different Spheres Resource Type: Primary Source Rebel Without A Cause, promotional still. America Since 1945—E-Seminar 4, The Subversive Fifties Resource Type: E-Seminar In The Subversive Fifties, the fourth e-seminar in the series America Since 1945, the eminent historian Alan Brinkley discusses a variety of early counterculture movements—literary, social, and environmental—whose origins date back to the 1950s and early 1960s. He also covers the roots of the civil-rights movement, discussing the Montgomery bus boycott, in which Martin Luther King Jr. first gained national attention. The Counterculture Resource Type: Document-Based Question Although the decade of the 1950s deserves its reputation as an age of political, social, and cultural conformity, seeds of social discontent nevertheless permeated American society. This carefully crafted DBQ focuses on the intellectual and artisitic critics of the affluent society, as well as the origins of the women's and civil-rights movements. The Feminine Mystique Resource Type: Primary Source Founder of the National Organization for Women (NOW), Betty Friedan wrote this influential treatise critiquing the loneliness and dissatisfaction felt by many suburban housewives in postwar America. Debating the Legacy of the 1960s Resource Type: Classroom Simulation In this simulation of a television talk show, students are required to assume the roles of present-day talk-show moderators as well as of individuals active during the 1960s. The students are to debate, in character, the legacy of the 1960s—the impact it has had on American politics and society up to the present day. The Legacy of the Counterculture Resource Type: Point-Counterpoint The New Left Resource Type: Point-Counterpoint Primary Source Analysis: The Sixties Resource Type: Teaching Activity Primary Source Analysis: Protest Music Resource Type: Teaching Activity Primary Source Analysis: Nixon and Vietnam Resource Type: Teaching Activity Democracy: Limitations and Possibilities Resource Type: Document-Based Question During the 1960s, a series of widely disparate protest movements emerged in the United States. While the antiwar movement directed against U.S. intervention in the Vietnam War appeared to be the most salient, many others as well expressed discontent with American government and society. In this question, students are asked to look at a variety of groups—including women, African Americans, and ethnic minorities—many of whose members felt marginalized or underrepresented, became politically active, and helped to establish social movements dedicated to the advancement of their communities. Students can use these documents to determine the degree to which different groups sought to redefine American democracy and make it more inclusive. Other Americans: The Beats Resource Type: Primary Source Allen Ginsberg, in a photograph taken at his enrollment in Columbia University (1943). Other Americans: The Beats Resource Type: Primary Source While a student at Columbia University, Allen Ginsberg took courses with Lionel Trilling, the great literary scholar. Other Americans: The Beats Resource Type: Primary Source Peter Orlovsky and Gregory Corso, fellow Beats, listen to Allen Ginsberg read poetry at Columbia University (1959). Other Americans: The Beats Resource Type: Primary Source Cover from a 1959 edition of Howl and Other Poems by Allen Ginsberg. This collection was first published by City Lights Books in 1956. Other Americans: The Beats Resource Type: Primary Source Allen Ginsberg at home (1966). Environmental Critique Resource Type: Primary Source Rachel Carson, author and environmentalist, at her typewriter (1952). Environmental Critique: DDT Resource Type: Primary Source Cover of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (1962), which exposed data on the harmful effects of DDT and other chemical pesticides. Environmental Critique: Pollution and Health Resource Type: Primary Source Early ban-the-bomb protest outside the United Nations. America Since 1945—E-Seminar 4, The Subversive Fifties Resource Type: E-Seminar In The Subversive Fifties, the fourth e-seminar in the series America Since 1945, the eminent historian Alan Brinkley discusses a variety of early counterculture movements—literary, social, and environmental—whose origins date back to the 1950s and early 1960s. He also covers the roots of the civil-rights movement, discussing the Montgomery bus boycott, in which Martin Luther King Jr. first gained national attention. The Counterculture Resource Type: Document-Based Question Although the decade of the 1950s deserves its reputation as an age of political, social, and cultural conformity, seeds of social discontent nevertheless permeated American society. This carefully crafted DBQ focuses on the intellectual and artisitic critics of the affluent society, as well as the origins of the women's and civil-rights movements. Democracy: Limitations and Possibilities Resource Type: Document-Based Question During the 1960s, a series of widely disparate protest movements emerged in the United States. While the antiwar movement directed against U.S. intervention in the Vietnam War appeared to be the most salient, many others as well expressed discontent with American government and society. In this question, students are asked to look at a variety of groups—including women, African Americans, and ethnic minorities—many of whose members felt marginalized or underrepresented, became politically active, and helped to establish social movements dedicated to the advancement of their communities. Students can use these documents to determine the degree to which different groups sought to redefine American democracy and make it more inclusive. The War on Poverty Resource Type: Point-Counterpoint The Cold War: Containment Resource Type: Primary Source Beyond Vietnam Resource Type: Primary Source This speech was delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1967, at a meeting of Clergy and Laity Concerned at Riverside Church in New York City. The United States in Vietnam Resource Type: Classroom Simulation In this simulation, a special congressional committee—the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Vietnam—will examine changes in U.S. foreign policy toward Vietnam from 1954 through 1975. The committee will investigate why the United States entered the war but failed to prevent the communist takeover of the Republic of South Vietnam. Students will impersonate historical characters who are called to testify before this fictitious Senate subcommittee. The historical characters will explain, from their perspective, why the United States entered the war, why it escalated its military involvement there, and then, despite the escalation, why it suffered defeat. Do the senators and journalists reporting on the investigation blame any one U.S. president? Or do they blame rather a wide range of circumstances both domestic and international? This simulation will expose students to a variety of conflicting interpretations of the U.S. role in Vietnam. The U.S. Entry into Vietnam Resource Type: Point-Counterpoint Primary Source Analysis: Nixon and Vietnam Resource Type: Teaching Activity Primary Source Analysis: Nixon and Vietnam Resource Type: Teaching Activity The Vietnam War: The Home Front Resource Type: Document-Based Question In his e-seminar Kennedy, Johnson and the Great Society, Alan Brinkley offers a measured assessment of the Great Society and, in particular, of the War on Poverty. He rejects the radical contention that the War on Poverty was a political response to social turmoil and mass pressure. He observes that, on the contrary, the Great Society was an elite initiative crafted by liberal policymakers who were confident about the future. But Professor Brinkley disputes the conservative contention that the War on Poverty was an unmitigated failure. He notes that poverty declined significantly between 1960 and 1970, particularly among the elderly, and asserts that, while the expansion of the American economy during that period contributed to that trend, Head Start, food stamps, Medicare, and other government programs also contributed much. Conclusion Resource Type: Primary Source Demonstrators protest the Vietnam War outside a Democratic Party reception attended by President Kennedy (1963). What Happened in White America? Resource Type: Primary Source Students at Columbia University protest the war in Vietnam (1967). Beyond Vietnam Resource Type: Primary Source This speech was delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1967, at a meeting of Clergy and Laity Concerned at Riverside Church in New York City. | |
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